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In this Dec. 12 Marcel Schmelzer Trikot , 2012 file image made from video, North Korea's Unha-3 rocket lifts off from the Sohae launching station in Tongchang-ri, North Korea. North Korea's top governing body warned Thursday, Jan. 24, 2013 that the regime will conduct its third nuclear test in defiance of U.N. punishment Marius Wolf Trikot , and made clear that its long-range rockets are designed to carry not only satellites but also warheads aimed at striking the United States. (AP PhotoKRT via AP Video) Satellite image taken on August 6, 2012 shows the Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Centre in North Korea (AFP Photo) Former National Security Agency Director Keith Alexander participates in a panel discussion at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, June 2, 2014. REUTERSYuri Gripas (UNITED STATES - Tags: POLITICS) In thus June 6, 2013 file photo Lukasz Piszczek Trikot , a sign stands outside the National Security Agency (NSA) campus in Fort Meade, Md. After the House’s lopsided bipartisan vote to end the National Security Agency's bulk collection of Americans' phone records, the Senate is under considerable pressure to pass a similar measure. (AP PhotoPatrick Semansky)
SAN FRANCISCO (Reuters) - The United States tried to deploy a version of the Stuxnet computer virus to attack North Korea's nuclear weapons program five years ago but ultimately failed, according to people familiar with the covert campaign.


The operation began in tandem with the now-famous Stuxnet attack that sabotaged Iran's nuclear program in 2009 and 2010 by destroying a thousand or more centrifuges that were enriching uranium. Reuters and others have reported that the Iran attack was a joint effort by U.S. and Israeli forces.


According to one U.S. intelligence source, Stuxnet's developers produced a related virus that would be activated when it encountered Korean-language settings on an infected machine.


But U.S. agents could not access the core machines that ran Pyongyang's nuclear weapons program Shinji Kagawa Trikot , said another source, a former high-ranking intelligence official who was briefed on the program.


The official said the National Security Agency-led campaign was stymied by North Korea's utter secrecy, as well as the extreme isolation of its communications systems. A third source, also previously with U.S. intelligence, said he had heard about the failed cyber attack but did not know details.


North Korea has some of the most isolated communications networks in the world. Just owning a computer requires police permission Christian Pulisic Trikot , and the open Internet is unknown except to a tiny elite. The country has one main conduit for Internet connections to the outside world, through China.


In contrast, Iranians surfed the Net broadly and had interactions with companies from around the globe.


A spokeswoman for the NSA declined to comment for this story. The spy agency has previously declined to comment on the Stuxnet attack against Iran.


The United States has launched many cyber espionage campaigns, but North Korea is only the second country, after Iran Maximilian Philipp Trikot , that the NSA is now known to have targeted with software designed to destroy equipment.


Washington has long expressed concerns about Pyongyang's nuclear program, which it says breaches international agreements. North Korea has been hit with sanctions because of its nuclear and missile tests, moves that Pyongyang sees as an attack on its sovereign right to defend itself.


U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry said last week that Washington and Beijing were discussing imposing further sanctions on North Korea, which he said was "not even close" to taking steps to end its nuclear program.


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Experts in nuclear programs said there are similarities between North Korea and Iran's operations, and the two countries continue to collaborate on military technology.


Both countries use a system with P-2 centrifuges Mahmoud Dahoud Trikot , obtained by Pakistani nuclear scientist A.Q. Khan, who is regarded as the father of Islamabad's nuclear bomb, they said.


Like Iran, North Korea probably directs its centrifuges with control software developed by Siemens AG that runs on Microsoft Corp's Windows operating system, the experts said. Stuxnet took advantage of vulnerabilities in both the Siemens and Microsoft programs.


Because of the overlap between North Korea and Iran's nuclear programs Sebastian Rode Trikot , the NSA would not have had to tinker much with Stuxnet to make it capable of destroying centrifuges in North Korea, if it could be deployed there.


Despite modest differences between the programs, "Stuxnet can deal with both of them. But you still need to get it in," said Olli Heinonen, senior fellow at Harvard University's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and former deputy director general of the International Atomic Energy Agency.


NSA Director Keith Alexander said North Korea's strict limitations on Internet access and human travel make it one of a few nations "who can race out and do damage with relative impunity" since reprisals in cyberspace are so challenging.


When asked about Stuxnet Sergio Gomez Trikot , Alexander said he could not comment on any offensive actions taken during his time at the spy agency.


David Albright, founder of the Institute for Science and International Security and